Years of Upheaval
(Sprache: Englisch)
In this second volume of Henry Kissinger's "endlessly fascinating memoirs" (The New York Times), Kissinger recounts his years as President Nixon's Secretary of State from 1972 to 1974, including the ending of the Vietnam War, the 1973 Middle East War and...
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In this second volume of Henry Kissinger's "endlessly fascinating memoirs" (The New York Times), Kissinger recounts his years as President Nixon's Secretary of State from 1972 to 1974, including the ending of the Vietnam War, the 1973 Middle East War and oil embargo, Watergate, and Nixon's resignation.Years of Upheaval opens with Dr. Kissinger being appointed Secretary of State. Among other events of these turbulent years that he recounts are his trip to Hanoi after the Vietnam cease-fire, his efforts to settle the war in Cambodia, the "Year of Europe," two Nixon-Brezhnev summit meetings and the controversies over arms control and détente, the military alert and showdown with the Soviet Union over the Middle East war, the subsequent oil crisis, the origins of shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East, the fall of Salvador Allende in Chile, and the tumultuous events surrounding Nixon's resignation. Throughout are candid appraisals of world leaders, including Nixon, Golda Meir, Anwar Sadat, King Faisal, Hafez al-Asad, Chairman Mao, Leonid Brezhnev, Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt, Georges Pompidou, and many more.
At once illuminating, fascinating, and profound, Years of Upheaval is a lasting contribution to the history of our time by one of its chief protagonists.
Lese-Probe zu „Years of Upheaval “
Years of Upheaval I A Moment of Hope Decision at the Swimming Pool AUGUST of 1973 in California was glorious. Each morning, seduced from official papers, I sat outside on the veranda behind my office at the Western White House in San Clemente and watched as the sun burned the fog off the ocean. Occasionally I saw a slight, stoop-shouldered figure amble along the edge of the cliff beyond which lay only the beach and the Pacific. In that tranquil setting Richard Nixon was enduring the long final torment of his political career. Outside of the seclusion of his San Clemente retreat, the country buzzed with heated speculation about whether he would survive as President. He himself seemed calm. He rarely talked about Watergate - never illuminatingly. One had to know Nixon well to recognize his inner turmoil in the faraway look and the frozen melancholy of his features.
On the afternoon of August 21, Julie Nixon Eisenhower telephoned me to ask if my children, Elizabeth and David, wanted to come swim in the pool of the Nixon residence. Indeed they would. Later she called again and invited me to join them. I got my swimming trunks and walked over from my office, past the helicopter pad, to the Nixon family quarters, La Casa Pacifica, a quiet Spanish-style villa set off from the staff compound by large cypress trees and a high white wall. Manolo Sanchez, whose unstinting admiration of his master disproved the adage that no man is a hero to his valet, greeted me. Soon Nixon appeared and joined me and my children in the water. After a minute he suggested we go to the shallow end of the pool and chat about his news conference scheduled for the next morning. It was not the first time that my chief had discussed weighty matters with me in aquatic surroundings. At Camp David in April 1970, swimming in the pool while I walked along the edge, he had communicated his final decision to order American troops into the Cambodian sanctuaries.
I sat on the steps of the pool; the
... mehr
President of the United States floated on his back in the water. Matter-of-factly we reviewed some answers he proposed to give to foreign policy questions. Suddenly, without warmth or enthusiasm, he said: "I shall open the press conference by announcing your appointment as Secretary of State." It was the first time he had mentioned the subject to me.
It was not, of course, the first I had heard of it. Watergate had made the hitherto preeminent position of White House assistants untenable. My influence in the rest of the government depended on Presidential authority, and this was palpably draining away in endless revelations of tawdry acts, some puerile, some illegal. Alexander Haig, recalled as Presidential chief of staff in May, had volunteered to me earlier in the summer that he saw no other solution than to appoint me Secretary of State. The then Secretary, William P. Rogers, was expected to leave by the end of the summer in any event. Haig kept me informed of his tortuous discussions with Nixon on the subject; they could not have been easy. It was a painful decision for Nixon because it symbolized - perhaps more than any of the Watergate headlines - how wounded he was. He had never wanted a strong Secretary of State; foreign policy, he had asserted in his 1968 campaign, would be run from the White House. And so it had been. If Nixon was ready to bend this principle it showed how weak he had become.
I replied lamely that I hoped to justify his confidence. It was a platitude to maintain the fiction that he was conferring a great boon on me. In fact, both Nixon and I knew there was no other choice.
The next morning I received a phone call from Kenneth Rush, the Deputy Secretary of State. He congratulated me and
It was not, of course, the first I had heard of it. Watergate had made the hitherto preeminent position of White House assistants untenable. My influence in the rest of the government depended on Presidential authority, and this was palpably draining away in endless revelations of tawdry acts, some puerile, some illegal. Alexander Haig, recalled as Presidential chief of staff in May, had volunteered to me earlier in the summer that he saw no other solution than to appoint me Secretary of State. The then Secretary, William P. Rogers, was expected to leave by the end of the summer in any event. Haig kept me informed of his tortuous discussions with Nixon on the subject; they could not have been easy. It was a painful decision for Nixon because it symbolized - perhaps more than any of the Watergate headlines - how wounded he was. He had never wanted a strong Secretary of State; foreign policy, he had asserted in his 1968 campaign, would be run from the White House. And so it had been. If Nixon was ready to bend this principle it showed how weak he had become.
I replied lamely that I hoped to justify his confidence. It was a platitude to maintain the fiction that he was conferring a great boon on me. In fact, both Nixon and I knew there was no other choice.
The next morning I received a phone call from Kenneth Rush, the Deputy Secretary of State. He congratulated me and
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Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Years of Upheaval “
CONTENTSList of Maps
Foreword
1. A Ford, Not a Lincoln
The Changing of the Guard
The New President
The Domestic Crisis
Ford and Congress
Ford and the National Interest
Part One: THE NIXON LEGACY
2. The Man and the Organization
At the Edge of Greatness
The President and His Adviser
Nixon and the Establishment
Nixon the Person
The Taping System
The Operation of the Nixon White House
The National Security Council System
Epilogue
3. Controversy over Détente
What Was Détente?
The Attack on Nixon's Foreign Policy: The Liberal Challenge
The Conservative Critique
Senator Henry Jackson and Détente: Strategy and Arms Control
4. Jackson, Arms Control, and Jewish Emigration
Arms Control
Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union
5. China and Its Leaders
Two Styles of Diplomacy
Mao Zedong
Zhou Enlai
Deng Xiaoping
Part Two: FORD AT THE HELM
6. The New Presidency
The Transition
The Ford Team
Ford and His Secretary of State
7. Cyprus, a Case Study in Ethnic Conflict
The Nature of Ethnic Conflicts
Makarios: The Wily Archbishop
Greek-Turkish Minuets
Cyprus Erupts
The Turkish Invasion
The Second Turkish Intervention
Congress and Cyprus
Conclusion
Part Three: EAST-WEST RELATIONS
8. Ford Inherits the Debate over Détente
Hearings on Détente
The Debate on Arms Control Resumes
Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union
9. A Visit with Brezhnev
Brezhnev and the Kremlin Leaders
The Kremlin's Perspective on Détente
In the Politburo Chambers
A Step Toward a Breakthrough
Nuclear Condominium
10. Vladivostok and the Crisis in American-Soviet Relations
Arrival in Vladivostok
First Plenary Meeting
The Aftermath of Vladivostok: Détente Under Stress
Jewish Emigration and the Collapse of the Trade Bill
Final Note
11. The Intelligence Investigations
Prelude to the Investigations
Ford Charts a Course
The
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Rockefeller Commission
The Church Committee
The Pike Committee
Was There an Intelligence Scandal and What Was the Outcome?
Part Four: BREAKTHROUGH IN THE MIDDLE EAST
12. Ford and Middle East Diplomacy
The Cauldron
Forging a New Strategy
The Jordanian Option
The Egyptian Option
Hussein and the Peace Process
Two More Arab Visitors: Syria and Saudi Arabia
Rabin Visits Ford
The Rabat Decision
13. One Shuttle Too Many
Post-Rabat Blues
The Exploratory Shuttle
The Shuttle That Failed
14. Sinai II and the Road to Peace
"Reassessment"
The Resumption of Step-by-Step Policy
Ford and Sadat
Ford and Rabin: Another Encounter
Forging a New Initiative
Another Shuttle
The Leaders and the Outcome
Part Five: COLLAPSE IN INDOCHINA, TRAGEDY OF THE KURDS
15. Indochina Tragedy -- The Beginning of the End
The Strangulation of Vietnam
Ford and Vietnam
Hanoi's Buildup
Hanoi Resumes the Offensive
The End of the Road
16. The Collapse of Cambodia
The Myth of the Failure to Negotiate on Cambodia
The Final Collapse
17. The End of Vietnam
The Debate over Evacuation
The Search for a Political Solution
The Evacuation
The Last Day
18. Anatomy of a Crisis: The Mayaguez
How to Liberate a Ship
The Freeing of the Mayaguez
Postmortems
19. Tragedy of the Kurds
Origins of the Program
Internal Controversies
The End of Kurdish Autonomy
The Collapse of Kurdish Resistance
Part Six: THE ATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP
20. The Restoration of Western Unity
Harold Wilson and James Callaghan: The Operation of the Special Relationship
Helmut Schmidt and Hans-Dietrich Genscher: Alliance and Unification
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing -- France: Ally or Gadfly?
Eurocommunism and the Atlantic Alliance
21. The European Security Conference
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Prelude to Helsinki
Helsinki
Aftermath
22. The Energy Crisis
An Emerging Strategy
A Long-Term Strategy
The Implementation of the Energy Program
Consumer Solidarity: Meeting with Giscard at Martinique
Separate Oil Deals
The Rambouillet Summit
The Consumer/Producer Dialogue
Part Seven: LATIN AMERICA
23. Panama, Mexico, and the "New Dialogue"
Nixon and the "Mature Partnership"
Panama Canal Negotiations: First Phase
Mexico and the New Dialogue
The Conference of Tlatelolco
The End of the New Dialogue
24. Brazil, Chile, and Western Hemisphere Unity
First Visit to Latin America: Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, and Brazil
Chile, Human Rights, and the Organization of American States
Panama
Conclusion
25. Cuban Interlude
The Dialogue
Sources of Cuban Conduct
Part Eight: RELATIONS WITH THE COMMUNIST WORLD
26. Civil War in Angola
Gathering Storm Clouds
The Beginning of the Involvement
Angola Strategy Discussions: The African Bureau
The Angolan Strategy
The Diplomatic Framework
The Tunney and Clark Amendments
27. Last Visit to Moscow
The Halloween Massacre
The New Team in Action
The End of East-West Negotiations
The Doctrine That Never Was: Sonnenfeldt and Eastern Europe
28. Preserving the Sino-American Relationship
A Visit to Beijing
Dialogue with Deng and Mao
Conversation with Mao
Ford and Mao: The 1975 Summit
Domestic Distractions
Part Nine: SOUTHERN AFRICA
29. An African Strategy
The Challenge
The World Looks at Angola
Shaping of an Angolan Strategy
Components of a Strategy
African Policy and the Domestic Consensus
30. First Visit to Africa
Anthony Crosland and the Role of Britain
Jomo Kenyatta: The Extinct Volcano
Julius Nyerere and Tanzania: The Ambivalent Intellectual
Kenneth Kaunda: The Closet Moderate
Mobutu: The Controversial Ally
Liberia: History Without a Point
Leopold Senghor: The Philosopher-King
Nairobi: Meeting with Front-Line Ministers
Return to Washington
31. Toward Majority Rule in Southern Africa
South Africa and the United States
Meeting South Africa's Prime Minister
Great Britain and the Front-Line States
Another Sortie to Africa
African Complexities
A Political Program for Rhodesia
32. Breakthrough to Majority Rule
Second Meeting with Vorster
Another Round with Nyerere and Kaunda
Another Visit to Lusaka
Breakthrough with Vorster and Smith
Reaction of Kaunda and Nyerere
Blow-up with London
Return to Washington
Part Ten: END OF THE FORD PRESIDENCY
33. Civil War in Lebanon and Middle East Peace
The Lebanon Crisis Unfolds
Back to the Peace Process
Sadat and Rabin Visit Washington
Syrian Intervention in Lebanon
Return to the Peace Process
34. Reflections
The End of the Ford Administration
Morality and Pragmatism
A Personal Note
Notes
Index
The Church Committee
The Pike Committee
Was There an Intelligence Scandal and What Was the Outcome?
Part Four: BREAKTHROUGH IN THE MIDDLE EAST
12. Ford and Middle East Diplomacy
The Cauldron
Forging a New Strategy
The Jordanian Option
The Egyptian Option
Hussein and the Peace Process
Two More Arab Visitors: Syria and Saudi Arabia
Rabin Visits Ford
The Rabat Decision
13. One Shuttle Too Many
Post-Rabat Blues
The Exploratory Shuttle
The Shuttle That Failed
14. Sinai II and the Road to Peace
"Reassessment"
The Resumption of Step-by-Step Policy
Ford and Sadat
Ford and Rabin: Another Encounter
Forging a New Initiative
Another Shuttle
The Leaders and the Outcome
Part Five: COLLAPSE IN INDOCHINA, TRAGEDY OF THE KURDS
15. Indochina Tragedy -- The Beginning of the End
The Strangulation of Vietnam
Ford and Vietnam
Hanoi's Buildup
Hanoi Resumes the Offensive
The End of the Road
16. The Collapse of Cambodia
The Myth of the Failure to Negotiate on Cambodia
The Final Collapse
17. The End of Vietnam
The Debate over Evacuation
The Search for a Political Solution
The Evacuation
The Last Day
18. Anatomy of a Crisis: The Mayaguez
How to Liberate a Ship
The Freeing of the Mayaguez
Postmortems
19. Tragedy of the Kurds
Origins of the Program
Internal Controversies
The End of Kurdish Autonomy
The Collapse of Kurdish Resistance
Part Six: THE ATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP
20. The Restoration of Western Unity
Harold Wilson and James Callaghan: The Operation of the Special Relationship
Helmut Schmidt and Hans-Dietrich Genscher: Alliance and Unification
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing -- France: Ally or Gadfly?
Eurocommunism and the Atlantic Alliance
21. The European Security Conference
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Prelude to Helsinki
Helsinki
Aftermath
22. The Energy Crisis
An Emerging Strategy
A Long-Term Strategy
The Implementation of the Energy Program
Consumer Solidarity: Meeting with Giscard at Martinique
Separate Oil Deals
The Rambouillet Summit
The Consumer/Producer Dialogue
Part Seven: LATIN AMERICA
23. Panama, Mexico, and the "New Dialogue"
Nixon and the "Mature Partnership"
Panama Canal Negotiations: First Phase
Mexico and the New Dialogue
The Conference of Tlatelolco
The End of the New Dialogue
24. Brazil, Chile, and Western Hemisphere Unity
First Visit to Latin America: Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, and Brazil
Chile, Human Rights, and the Organization of American States
Panama
Conclusion
25. Cuban Interlude
The Dialogue
Sources of Cuban Conduct
Part Eight: RELATIONS WITH THE COMMUNIST WORLD
26. Civil War in Angola
Gathering Storm Clouds
The Beginning of the Involvement
Angola Strategy Discussions: The African Bureau
The Angolan Strategy
The Diplomatic Framework
The Tunney and Clark Amendments
27. Last Visit to Moscow
The Halloween Massacre
The New Team in Action
The End of East-West Negotiations
The Doctrine That Never Was: Sonnenfeldt and Eastern Europe
28. Preserving the Sino-American Relationship
A Visit to Beijing
Dialogue with Deng and Mao
Conversation with Mao
Ford and Mao: The 1975 Summit
Domestic Distractions
Part Nine: SOUTHERN AFRICA
29. An African Strategy
The Challenge
The World Looks at Angola
Shaping of an Angolan Strategy
Components of a Strategy
African Policy and the Domestic Consensus
30. First Visit to Africa
Anthony Crosland and the Role of Britain
Jomo Kenyatta: The Extinct Volcano
Julius Nyerere and Tanzania: The Ambivalent Intellectual
Kenneth Kaunda: The Closet Moderate
Mobutu: The Controversial Ally
Liberia: History Without a Point
Leopold Senghor: The Philosopher-King
Nairobi: Meeting with Front-Line Ministers
Return to Washington
31. Toward Majority Rule in Southern Africa
South Africa and the United States
Meeting South Africa's Prime Minister
Great Britain and the Front-Line States
Another Sortie to Africa
African Complexities
A Political Program for Rhodesia
32. Breakthrough to Majority Rule
Second Meeting with Vorster
Another Round with Nyerere and Kaunda
Another Visit to Lusaka
Breakthrough with Vorster and Smith
Reaction of Kaunda and Nyerere
Blow-up with London
Return to Washington
Part Ten: END OF THE FORD PRESIDENCY
33. Civil War in Lebanon and Middle East Peace
The Lebanon Crisis Unfolds
Back to the Peace Process
Sadat and Rabin Visit Washington
Syrian Intervention in Lebanon
Return to the Peace Process
34. Reflections
The End of the Ford Administration
Morality and Pragmatism
A Personal Note
Notes
Index
... weniger
Autoren-Porträt von Henry Kissinger
Henry Kissinger was the fifty-sixth Secretary of State. Born in Germany, Dr. Kissinger came to the United States in 1938 and was naturalized a US citizen in 1943. He served in the US Army in Europe in World War Two and attended Harvard University on a scholarship, where he later became a member of the faculty. Among the awards he has received are the Nobel Peace Prize, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Medal of Liberty. He passed away in 2023 at the age of 100 at his home in Connecticut.
Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Henry Kissinger
- 2011, 1312 Seiten, Maße: 15,2 x 22,8 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Simon & Schuster US
- ISBN-10: 1451636458
- ISBN-13: 9781451636451
Sprache:
Englisch
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