Head and Neck

Introduction.- Skull cap and trepanation.- Malformation and identity.- The development of the bony skull.- Gustation, the act or sensation of tasting.- Oral cavity: Lips, tongue and teeth.- Nose, nasal cavities, smell and paranasal sinuses.- The eye, orbit and vision.- The ear and cochlear implant.-Dip and nod, shake and twist, turn and toss.- Brain and spinal cord: its macroscopy.- Cranial nerves.- Sleep and Head and Neck.- Blood supply and lymphatic drainage.- Pharynx, larynx, trachea and oesophagus.- Regio and trigonum.- Head and neck reflexes.- Cervical vertebral column.- Development of the face and branchial organs.- Spatial coherences and external appearance.-Summary Head and Neck.

Prof. Dr. Enrico Marani was the Head of the Neuroregulation group, a co-operation of Neurosurgery, Urology and Neuroscience groups, at both the Leiden Anatomy and Leiden Physiology Department, the Netherlands.

He was Professor of Neurophysiology at the Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems at the University of Twente, the Netherlands and at Stara Zagora University, Bulgaria. He also served as a Professor of Neuroanatomy in Sofia, Bulgaria.

His primary research interest is in Generation and Regeneration of the Nervous System and he has worked on the cerebellum (thesis), hypothalamus, Parkinson's, neuronal cultures and learning, and the neuronal connections of the uropoetic system.

He has served as editor of Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, and of Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, as co-editor of Bulgarian Bio-Medical Reviews, and as a member of the editorial board for the European Journal of Morphology.


He has taught courses on Anatomy, Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology in the Netherlands, Suriname and Bulgaria. After a full professorship at the University of Twente, he has been an Emeritus Professor since 2009.


Dr. Tjitkse Heida is associate professor at the Biomedical Signals & Systems group of the University of Twente, The Netherlands. She has a background in Electrical Engineering. Her research interests focus on the one hand on increasing our understanding of the central mechanisms of human motor control and the pathophysiology underlying movement disorders and early detection of changes in brain activity and movement patterns. On the other hand an important part of her research is focused on the application of neuromodulation techniques for restoring motor control in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been one of the main themes during the past years. She combines computational modeling and experimental research to unravel