Biofuel Energy : spent coffee grounds biodiesel, bioethanol and solid fuel
(Sprache: Englisch)
In this study, the use of waste coffee grounds for biodiesel producution, its solid by-product after oil extraction for bioethanol generation, and the second by-product after bioethanol generation for solid fuel generation is explored. For the study, waste...
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In this study, the use of waste coffee grounds for biodiesel producution, its solid by-product after oil extraction for bioethanol generation, and the second by-product after bioethanol generation for solid fuel generation is explored. For the study, waste coffee grounds samples were gathered from TOMOCA PLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The oil was then concentrated utilizing n-hexane and brought about an oil yield of 19.73 %w/w. The biodiesel was acquired by a two-stage process, i.e. acid catalyzed esterification followed by base catalyzed transesterification utilizing catalysts sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide respectively. The change, after esterification of waste coffee grounds oil into biodiesel, was about 80.4%w/w. Different parameters that are fundamental for biodiesel quality were assessed utilizing the American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM D 6751- 09) and revealed that all quality parameters are inside the extent pointed out aside from acid value. Also, the strong waste staying after oil extraction was researched for conceivable use as a feedstock for the generation of bioethanol and brought about a bioethanol yield of 8.3 %v/v. Moreover, the solid waste staying after bioethanol generation was assessed for solid fuel (20.8 MJ/Kg) applications.
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Extract:Chapter 1.1, Background and justification:
In recent times, the world has confronted with crises of increased demand for energy, price hike of crude oil, global warming due to emission of green house gases, environmental pollution, and fast diminishing supply of fossil fuels (Atadashi, et al., 2011; Miguel and Calixto, 2009). The indiscriminate exploration and consumption of fossil fuels has led to a reduction in petroleum reserves (Miguel and Calixto, 2009).
Our reliance on these energy sources threatens energy security and influence economic growth especially in fuel importing countries like Ethiopia. About all of Ethiopia s liquid fuel requirements are imported in the form of refined petroleum products (Alemayhu, 2007). This external energy supply is unsteady and has become a burden to the rapidly growing national economy. In addition, diesel powered motor vehicles in the road transport sector are an important contributor to the total gas emissions in the urban cities (Christoffel, 2010). From the point of view of global environment protection and the concern for long-term supplies of conventional diesel fuels, it becomes necessary to develop alternative fuels comparable with conventional fuels. Alternative fuels should be, not only sustainable but also environmentally friendly (Miguel and Calixto, 2009). Some of the most notable alternative sources of energy capable of replacing fuels (Miguel and Calixto, 2009) include amongst others: water, solar and wind energy, and biofuels (Atadashi et al., 2011). A potential diesel oil substitute is biodiesel (Miguel and Calixto, 2009).
Biodiesel is a new energy source that has grown in importance over recent years. Nowadays, used vegetable oils are potential renewable sources for the production of biodiesel as an alternative to petroleum based diesel fuel, which is derived from diminishing petroleum reserves and which has environmental consequences caused by the exhaust gases from diesel engines (Maceiras et
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al., 2009). Biodiesel has several benefits such as a diminution in greenhouse gas emissions: it reduces emissions of carbon monoxide by about 50% and emissions of carbon dioxide by about 78% (Sheehan et al., 2008). In addition, biodiesel is produced from a variety of vegetable oils (such as soybean, rapeseed and sunflower) and animal fats, and can be used in diesel engines blended with petroleum diesel or on its own (Sánchez et al., 2012). Researchers are developing certain crops with high oil content just for the production of biodiesel (Azam et al., 2005; Cardone et al., 2003; Encinar et al., 2002; Gressel, 2008) or looking for new sources to produce biodiesel (Kondamudi et al., 2008). Therefore, it will be very useful to look for new raw sustainable materials for biodiesel production that do not involve the use of cereals and plants that compete with land.
Coffee is one of the largest agricultural products that are mainly used for beverages (Kondamudi et al., 2008) throughout the world and providing approximately 30.6% of Ethiopia's foreign exchange earnings in 2010-2011 (Bureau of African Affairs, 2012). Ethiopia is currently producing an estimated 9.804 million 60-kg bags that would rank as the third largest coffee producer in the world after Brazil and Vietnam (African Commodity Report, 2012) and half of the coffee is consumed by Ethiopians (Abu, 2012).
Waste coffee residue (WCR), the solid dregs found from the treatment of coffee powder with hot water to prepare instant coffee, is the main coffee industry residues with a generation of 6 million tons worldwide (Tokimoto et al., 2005) and 235,296 tons in Ethiopia. According to Kondamudi et al. (2008), on a worldwide scale, based on the amount of coffee that is used, 340 million gallons of biodiesel can be produced from Waste coffee residues. Simões (2009) demonstrated that WCR can be used for the production of biodiesel and fuel pellets and as a source of polysaccharide with immune stimulatory activity. The
Coffee is one of the largest agricultural products that are mainly used for beverages (Kondamudi et al., 2008) throughout the world and providing approximately 30.6% of Ethiopia's foreign exchange earnings in 2010-2011 (Bureau of African Affairs, 2012). Ethiopia is currently producing an estimated 9.804 million 60-kg bags that would rank as the third largest coffee producer in the world after Brazil and Vietnam (African Commodity Report, 2012) and half of the coffee is consumed by Ethiopians (Abu, 2012).
Waste coffee residue (WCR), the solid dregs found from the treatment of coffee powder with hot water to prepare instant coffee, is the main coffee industry residues with a generation of 6 million tons worldwide (Tokimoto et al., 2005) and 235,296 tons in Ethiopia. According to Kondamudi et al. (2008), on a worldwide scale, based on the amount of coffee that is used, 340 million gallons of biodiesel can be produced from Waste coffee residues. Simões (2009) demonstrated that WCR can be used for the production of biodiesel and fuel pellets and as a source of polysaccharide with immune stimulatory activity. The
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Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Mebrahtu Haile
- 2014, Erstauflage, 102 Seiten, 57 Abbildungen, Maße: 15,5 x 22 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Anchor Academic Publishing
- ISBN-10: 3954893053
- ISBN-13: 9783954893058
Sprache:
Englisch
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