A History of Modern Germany

Navy, and "World Politics" 150 German Imperialism: Navalism and Overseas Colonization 151 Criticisms of the Naval Building Program 153 Bülow 154 Anglo-German Rivalry 155 The Bülow Bloc 156 Scandals and Crises 157 Bethmann Hollweg 159 The Challenge from Social Democracy 160 Armaments 161 The Balkan Crisis of 1912 162 10 The First World War 165 Attitudes Toward the War 167 War Aims 168 German Society in Wartime 168 Women and the Family 171 Mounting Opposition to the War 173 The Peace Resolution 174 The Impact of the Bolshevik Revolution 176 The Failure of the March Offensive 177 Armistice Negotiations 179 11 The Weimar Republic 1919-1933 181 The Treaty of Versailles 182 The Weimar Constitution 184 The Kapp Putsch 184 Reparations 185 Rapallo 187 Hyperinflation and the "Struggle for the Ruhr" 188 Hindenburg Elected President 192 Locarno 193 The Depression 194 Cultural Effervescence: Cinema, Music, Visual Arts 195 The Middle Class 196 The Working Class 199 Rural Society 202 The Demise of Parliamentary Democracy 203 Gender and Sexuality 204 Brüning 205 Papen 208 Schleicher 210 Hitler Appointed Chancellor 211 12 The Nazi Dictatorship to 1939: Politics, Society, Culture 214 The Reichstag Fire 216 Gleichschaltung 218 The SA and the Röhm Putsch 221 Hitler Becomes Head of State 223 The National Socialist Dictatorship 224 The SS 229 Salvaging the Economy 231 German Society in the Third Reich 234 Labor 236 Peasants 237 Small Business 240 Gender, Women, and the Family 241 National Socialism and Modernity 244 13 Nazi Germany and the Jews 1933-1945: Persecution, War, Genocide 250 The Persecution of the Jews Before the War 252 First Steps in Foreign Policy 255 The Anschluss 258 Munich 259 War 260 Poland 262 The War in the West 263 Barbarossa 264 The Wartime Persecution of the Jews: The "Final Solution" 267 The Turn of the Tide 273 The Shortage of Labor 274 The End 276 14 The Adenauer Era 1945-1963 280 The Occupation Zones 282 From Bizonia to Trizonia 284 The Formation of the Federal Republic of Germany 286 Rearmament 289 From the "Economic Miracle" to "Eurosclerosis" 292 Culture and Society under Adenauer 295 The Heyday of Adenauer's Germany 297 The Berlin Wall 298 The End of the Adenauer Era 299 15 The German Democratic Republic 303 "The First Workers' and Peasants' State on German Soil" 308 June 17, 1953 311 The GDR after Stalin 313 The Berlin Wall 315 The New Economic System 316 The GDR and Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik 318 The Honecker Era 319 Social Structure of the GDR 320 Dissent 323 Relations between the Two Germanys 324 The Collapse of the GDR 325 16 The Federal Republic 1963-1982 332 The Great Coalition: 1966-1969 333 Confrontations with the Past 335 The Extra- Parliamentary Opposition (APO) 336 The Chancellorship of Willy Brandt 338 Terrorism 341 Willy Brandt's Second Term: 1972-1974 341 Helmut Schmidt's First Term: 1974-1976 343 Helmut Schmidt's Second Term: 1976-1980 344 The Changing Nature of Dissent 345 The Debate on Atomic Weapons 346 Helmut Schmidt's Third Term: 1980-1982 347 The Historikerstreit: Debating Germany's Past 349 Class and Consumption 351 Gender, Sexuality, and the Erosion of the Family Unit 356 Immigration and German Identity 358 17 The Reunification of Germany and Beyond 360 The United States, the Soviet Union, and the German Question 361 The New Germany's First Decade 363 9/11 and the Iraq War 372 Gerhard Schröder's Second Term 375 Angela Merkel's First Three Terms 376 The Refugee Crisis, the Re-emergence of the Far Right, and Merkel's Final Term 379 Remembering and Forgetting in Reunified Germany 381 Problems and Perspectives 384 Bibliography 386 Index 396